Enhanced entity-relationship diagrams, or EERDs, are specialized ER Diagrams that can be extremely useful for modeling your database. EERDs use several concepts that are closely related to object-oriented design and programming.
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What is an Enhanced ER Diagram?
Enhanced entity-relationship models, also known as extended entity-relationship models, are advanced database diagrams very similar to regular ER diagrams. Enhanced ERDs are high-level models that represent the requirements and complexities of complex databases.
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In addition to the same concepts that ordinary ER diagrams encompass, EERDs include:
- Subtypes and supertypes (sometimes known as subclasses and superclasses)
- Specialization and generalization
- Category or union type
- Attribute and relationship inheritance
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Enhanced ERD Definitions and Examples
The definitions of concepts listed below are unique to enhanced entity-relationship diagrams and can help to understand how the modeling concepts of EERDs differ from those of ERDs. If you need to brush up on the basic concepts of ERDs, check out our ER diagram tutorial, including this guide to the basic ER diagram symbols. As soon as you fully understand ERD structure, you’re ready to learn how to create enhanced ER diagrams.
Supertypes and Subtypes
- Supertype - an entity type that relates to one or more subtypes.
- Subtype - a subgroup of entities with unique attributes.
- Inheritance - the concept that subtype entities inherit the values of all supertype attributes.
Note: subtype instances are also classified as supertype instances.
Generalization & Specialization
- Generalization - the process of defining a general entity type from a collection of specialized entity types.
- Specialization - the opposite of generalization, since it defines subtypes of the supertype and determines the relationship between the two.
Constraints
- Disjointness constraints - You will need to decide whether a supertype instance may simultaneously be a member of two or more subtypes. The disjoint rule forces subclasses to have disjoint sets of entities. The overlap rule forces a subclass (also known as a supertype instance) to have overlapping sets of entities.
- Completeness constraints - decide whether a supertype instance must also be a member of at least one subtype. The total specialization rule demands that every entity in the superclass belong to some subclass. Just as with a regular ERD, total specialization is symbolized with a double line connection between entities. The partial specialization rule allows an entity to not belong to any of the subclasses. It is represented with a single line connection.
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Subtype Discriminators
A subtype discriminator is an attribute of the supertype that indicates an entity's subtype. The attribute's values are what determine the target subtype.
- Disjoint subtypes - simple attributes that must have alternative values to indicate any possible subtypes.
- Overlapping subtypes - composite attributes whose subparts pertain to various subtypes. Each subpart has a Boolean value that indicates whether or not the instance belongs to the associated subtype.
Creating an Effective EERD
A well-designed EERD will help you build storage systems that are long-lasting and useful. Consider the following when evaluating your entity relationship diagram to be sure that you’re modeling a system design that will meet the requirements of your business:
- Stability: Will the diagram support changing business needs?
- Breadth: Can all of the data that we need to store be organized in the model?
- Flexibility: Can data in this model be re-organized to support new information requirements?
- Efficiency: Is this model the simplest solution possible? Is the data modeled with the appropriate symbols?
- Accessibility: Can both creators and end users easily understand your EERD?
- Conformity: Will the model integrate easily with your existing database structure?
Active4 years, 2 months ago
Does anyone know a comprehensive Mac app to create SQL Diagramms?I think http://ondras.zarovi.cz/sql/demo/ is quite good, but it's a little bit too basic.
I would like to create the database schema, the relations between the tables (including labels for e.g. n:m relations), add comments, export to SQL, and so on to run from my Mac.
bmike♦168k46 gold badges304 silver badges662 bronze badges
SlevinSlevin3542 gold badges4 silver badges16 bronze badges
10 Answers
MySQL Workbench is good enough for most programming demands. You can create EER Model and can also synchronize the model with DB Changes or vice versa. You can use it with no cost as it's a open-source application. I have been using MySQL for a year and it is very useful for me. I recommend it to you if you don't need any enterprise features and performance.
Thiha MaungThiha Maung
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The only Mac only tool I know (and I would love to hear of others here) is SQLEditor. Unfortunately, there doesn't appear to be any support for Stored Procedures or other objects beyond tables and views.
There are also cross-platform solutions (mostly Java-based). In a recent search I evaluated DBWrench and DBVisualizer. When all was said and done, I decided to stay with a Windows solution running under Parallels.
Andrew LazarusAndrew Lazarus4451 gold badge3 silver badges16 bronze badges
MySQL Workbench is great, though I found that in a lot of cases OmniGraffle works wonderful, especially if you're not so much into 'doing it painfully correct according to theory learnt at university' but rather getting the job done.
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SarelSarel
You might want to check out the Navicat line of products. I use Navicat Premium and it's a really great all-in-one tool for many DBs, including MySQL, Postgres, SQLITE, Oracle, and MS SQL Server. It includes a Model tab where you can view and edit existing DBs or create de novo ones, sketch everything out, define relationships, export SQL, have access to an auto-layout function, and all sorts of other goodies.
There are several versions stepping up to the Premium product, including a separate Data Modeler program, so you'll have to browse around to see what fits your needs. It will set you back a little bit of cash, depending on the version, but you can download a 30-day free trial to make sure it's what you need.
I hope this helps!
MattDMoMattDMo
The free SQL tool of choice for me is SQuirreLSQL. It is a Java application, but very responsive, and you can install both DB drivers and plugins from it, and one of them allows for reverse-engineering and diagramming databases.
Aqua Data Studio runs on Mac OS X as a mixed Cocoa/Java application, with native performance, and includes Entity-Relationship modeling capabilities.
juandesantjuandesant
I also use Vertabelo and I can recommend it, too. It is 100% web-based. You can work on your models either in Chrome, or in Safari (the support for Safari browser was added a few month ago). Vertabelo's graphical tools for designing database models are simply amazing! Simple and intuitive, and yet very comprehensive and professional. There's no desktop license, no downloads and no installation. You can work remotely from any computer connected to the web. If you would like to get to know how Vertabelo works, you can try it without any registration: https://my.vertabelo.com/try
magdoniamagdonia
DBSchema is also awesome. Best thing is that you can do reverse engineering as well as modeling together at once. After you change the diagram, you change the database; you can import those changes back in the diagram.
The only flaw is ordering of column names in the diagrams - that do not necessarily match with the ordinality of the column names in the real database if you do so.
I would rate it to be one of the super nice applications.
IconDaemon12.9k6 gold badges29 silver badges43 bronze badges
Bimal PoudelBimal Poudel
Check out http://www.yworks.com/en/index.html, might not be what you are looking for but it has ER modelling and others...
MikeMike
I recommend Vertabelo. Vertabelo is an online database designer working under Chrome developed by company I work for.
The most important feature of this tool is that it allow to share database models across the team and collaborate on them via web browser.
Others Vertabelo features include:
- Model versioning
- Support for PosgreSql, MySQL, Oracle, MS SQL Server, DB2, SQLite, HSQLDB
- Dynamic/Visual search
- Live database model validation
- Reverse engineering
Vertabelo is free to use for smaller projects (up to 3 models and 20 tables within each model) and have commercial versions for larger database projects.
Jarosław BłądJarosław Błąd
My preferred tool for modeling in OS X, is Visual Paradigm (VP-UML). They have a free community edition, which is great for creating ERD - but if you want to generate the DDL from your ERD, you'll need to purchase the standard edition.
It's also cross-platform, so that's another boon.
2Toad2Toad
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